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Computer Networks PTU GNDU LPU HPTU JU Lecture Notes Study Material eBook Neeraj Anand Param Anand Anand Technical Publishers — PARAM ANAND

Computer Networks and Data Communication PTU GNDU LPU HPTU JU Lecture Notes Study Material eBook Neeraj Anand Param Anand Anand Technical Publishers

Computer Networks PTU GNDU LPU HPTU JU Lecture Notes Study Material eBook Neeraj Anand Param Anand Anand Technical Publishers

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Computer Networks And Data Communication

Contents – Inside the book

Chapter – 1 : NETWORK CONFIGURATION

Computer Networking……………………………………………………………………………. 16

Two Major Types of Networks : LANs and WANs…………………………………. 18

Networking Components……………………………………………………………………….. 20

Networking models………………………….. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Network Architecture…………………………………………………………………………… 21

Peer – to – Peer Networking……………………………………………………………………. 21

Server – Based Networks………………………………………………………………………… 22

 

Chapter – 2 : NETWORK CLASSIFICATION

How Networks Classify ?……………………………………………………………………….. 25

Local Area Network (LAN)……………………………………………………………………… 25

Metropolitian Area Network……………………………………………………………….. 28

wide Area Network…………………………………………………………………………………. 29

Wireless networks………………………………………………………………………………….. 30

Internetworks…………………………………………………………………………………………. 31

Internet…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 31

World Wide Web Network………………………………………………………………………. 33

Interanet………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 33

personal area network…………………………………………………………………………. 34

Uses of Computer Networks………………………………………………………………….. 34

 

Chapter – 3 : OSI AND TCP/IP NETWORK MODELS

Network Protocols………………………………………………………………………………… 39

Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model……………………………… 39

Characteristics of The OSI Layers……………………………………………………….. 49

Practical Example OF A CONNECTION Error! Bookmark not defined.

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)…………… 49

Comparison Between OSI And TCP/IP Reference Model………………………. 52

advantages of TCP/IP Reference Model……………………………………………….. 52

 

Chapter – 4 : DATA COMMUNICATIONS

Data Communication………………………………………………………………………………. 56

Data Communication Model………………………………………………………………….. 56

Data Communication Signals………………………………………………………………… 57

Data Transmission…………………………………………………………………………………… 62

The Maximum Data Rate of a Channel…………………………………………………. 65

Data Transmission format…………………………………………………………………….. 67

Simplex………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 67

Half Duplex………………………………………………………………………………………………. 67

Full Duplex………………………………………………………………………………………………. 68

Data Transmission modes………………………………………………………………………. 68

Parallel Communications…………………………………………………………………….. 69

Serial Communications………………………………………………………………………….. 70

ANALOG TRANSMISSION………………………………………………………………………………. 72

Modulation of analog signals…………………………………………………………….. 82

sampling theorem……………………………………………………………………………………. 86

FOURIER SERIES…………………………………………………………………………………………… 87

FOURIER TRANSFORM………………………………………………………………………………….. 89

 

Chapter – 5 : NETWORK TOPOLOGY

Network Topology………………………………………………………………………………….. 92

Bus Physical Topology…………………………………………………………………………… 92

Star Topology………………………………………………………………………………………….. 95

Tree Topology………………………………………………………………………………………….. 96

Ring Topology………………………………………………………………………………………….. 96

mesh Topology…………………………………………………………………………………………. 98

hybrid Topology……………………………………………………………………………………… 99

Star Bus topology…………………………………………………………………………………. 100

Star Ring topology……………………………………………………………………………….. 100

Peer-to-Peer topology………………………………………………………………………….. 101

Selecting a Topology……………………………………………………………………………. 102

 

Chapter – 6 : NETWORK MEDIA

Network Media……………………………………………………………………………………….. 104

CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSMISSION MEDIA……………………………………………. 104

BAND USAGE (BASEBAND OR BROADBAND)………………………………………………. 105

data rate limits…………………………………………………………………………………….. 110

Noiseless Channel : Nyquist Bit Rate…………………………………………………. 110

Noisy Channel: Shannon Capacity……………………………………………………… 111

network performance issus………………………………………………………………… 112

Bandwidth……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 112

Latency (Delay)……………………………………………………………………………………… 113

Propagation Time…………………………………………………………………………………… 114

Transmission Time………………………………………………………………………………….. 114

Queuing Time……………………………………………………………………………………………. 115

Bandwidth-Delay Product…………………………………………………………………… 115

Jitter………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 116

TRANSMISSION MEDIA……………………………………………………………………………….. 117

COAXIAL CABLES……………………………………………………………………………………….. 117

TWISTED PAIR CABLE…………………………………………………………………………………. 120

Fiber optic CABLE……………………………………………………………………………………. 122

Multimode Fibers…………………………………………………………………………………… 125

balun…………………………………………………… Error! Bookmark not defined.

Cable Comparison Summary………………………………………………………………… 127

 

Chapter – 7 : WIRELESS TRANSMISSION

Wireless Transmission………………………………………………………………………….. 132

Electromagnetic Spectrum…………………………………………………………………. 132

wireless lans………………………………………………………………………………………….. 137

Narrowband (Single-Frequency) Radio Transmission……………………. 133

Spread-Spectrum Radio Transmission………………………………………………… 140

Extended LANs………………………………………………………………………………………… 141

Microwave Transmission……………………………………………………………………… 136

Microwave Technology in LAN……………………………………………………………. 141

Infrastructure of Wireless Networks……………………………………………… 143

WiFi Technology and 802.11…………………………………………………………………… 145

 

Chapter – 8 : SWITCHING NETWORKS

What Is Switching ?………………………………………………………………………………… 147

circuit switching…………………………………………………………………………………… 148

Message Switching…………………………………………………………………………………. 155

packet Switching…………………………………………………………………………………… 156

Study of Datagram Subnet Vs Virtual Circuit Subnet…………………… 165

Circuit Switching Vs Packet Switching……………………………………………… 165

 

Chapter – 9 : TELEPHONE NETWORKS

Architecture of Public Telecommunications Network…………………. 170

The Public Telephone Network services……………………………………………. 173

MODEM TECHNOLOGY……………………………………………………………………………….. 175

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Modems………………………………………………… 179

Cable Modems…………………………………………………………………………………………. 180

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)………………………………………. 180

 

Chapter – 10 : MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES

Multiplexing…………………………………………………………………………………………… 182

Frequency Division Multiplexing……………………………………………………….. 184

time Division Multiplexing…………………………………………………………………… 188

Digital Signal Service…………………………………………………………………………… 195

More Synchronous TDM Applications………………………………………………… 196

asynchronous time Division Multiplexing (aTDM)…………………………… 196

Synchronous vs Asynchronous TDM………………………………………………….. 198

wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM)………………………………………… 199

 

Chapter – 11 : NETWORK HARDWARE

Networking Hardware…………………………………………………………………………. 202

hubs………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 202

Repeaters…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 204

Bridges……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 206

routers……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 210

Distinguishing Between Bridges and Routers………………………………….. 212

brouters………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 214

gateways…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 215

 

 

Chapter – 12 : DATA LINK LAYER DESIGN ISSUES

Data link layer……………………………………………………………………………………… 219

data link layer design issues……………………………………………………………… 220

Services provided to the network layer…………………………………………. 220

Framing at data link layer…………………………………………………………………. 224

Flow control at the data link layer……………………………………………….. 227

NOISELESS CHANNELS……………………………………………………………………………….. 228

NOISY CHANNELS……………………………………………………………………………………….. 230

Stop-and-Wait ARQ Flow Control……………………………………………………….. 230

 

Chapter – 13 : ERROR DETECTION AND CORRECTION

Error Detection And Correction at the data link layer……………… 244

Types of Errors………………………………………………………………………………………. 244

Error Detection Methods…………………………………………………………………….. 245

Simple Parity Check or one dimensional parity check………………….. 245

Two-dimension Parity Check………………………………………………………………… 246

Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) Algorithm……………………………………… 247

Equivalent Polynomial Interpretation……………………………………………. 250

Checksum…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 250

HAMMING ERROR-CORRECTION CODE……………………………………………………….. 252

Detecting and Correcting an Error………………………………………………….. 255

 

Chapter – 14 : DATA LINK LAYER PROTOCOLS

high-level data link control (hdlc)…………………………………………………. 259

HDLC Operational Modes………………………………………………………………………. 260

HDLC Frame Structure………………………………………………………………………….. 260

Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC)…………………………………………….. 267

Data Link Layer in the Internet………………………………………………………….. 270

SLIP and ppp………………………………………………………………………………………………. 271

 

 

Chapter – 15 : medium access control

Media Access Control (MAC) Sublayer………………………………………………. 280

The Channel Allocation Problem………………………………………………………. 280

Static Channel Allocation in LANs and MANs………………………………….. 280

Dynamic Channel Allocation in LANs and MANs……………………………… 281

Multiple access protocols………………………………………………………………….. 282

Code division multiple access (CDMA)………………………………………………… 289

 

Chapter – 16 : IEEE STANDARDS

The IEEE 802.x Standard…………………………………………………………………………. 295

Carrier Sense Multiple Access Protocols………………………………………… 295

Conceptual model of CSMA/CD…………………………………………………………….. 298

Carrier-Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance…………….. 298

Collision Free Protocols……………………………………………………………………… 300

Ethernet………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 302

Switched 802.3 LANs…………………………………………………………………………………. 304

IEEE 802.3 Ethernet (10 – Mbps Specifications)……………………………………… 305

IEEE 802.3 Ethernet (100 – Mbps Specifications)…………………………………….. 306

IEEE 802.4 token bus…………………………………………………………………………………. 308

IEEE 802.5 token ring……………………………………………………………………………….. 310

 

IEEE 802.5 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)…………………………….. 315

modern IEEE standards…………………………………………………………………………. 319

 

Chapter – 17 : NETWORK LAYER DESIGN ISSUES AND ROUTING ALGORITHMS

Network Layer……………………………………………………………………………………….. 323

Network Layer Design Issues………………………………………………………………. 324

Services provided to the Transport layer………………………………………. 325

Services provided by the network layer…………………………………………. 325

Routing basics………………………………………………………………………………………… 329

Routing Metrics………………………………… Error! Bookmark not defined.

Network-Layer Routing………………….. Error! Bookmark not defined.

The Optimality Principle………………….. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Routing algorithms………………………………………………………………………………. 329

Shortest Path Routing (Least-Cost-Path Algorithms)……………………. 330

Flood Routing…………………………………………………………………………………………. 334

Distance Vector Routing……………………………………………………………………… 336

The Count-to-Infinity Problem……….. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Link-State Routing………………………………………………………………………………… 338

Hierarchical Routing…………………………………………………………………………… 342

Broadcast Routing………………………………………………………………………………… 344

Multicast Routing…………………………………………………………………………………. 346

 

Chapter – 18 : CONGESTION CONTROL AND QUALITY OF SERVICE

Congestion Control At Network Layer……………………………………………. 352

Congestion Control Techniques…………………………………………………………. 353

Flow Control Versus Congestion control………………………………………. 367

Quality of Service…………………………………………………………………………………. 361

TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE QoS…………………………………………………………………… 361

 

Chapter – 19 : IP ADDRESSING

IP Addressing…………………………………………………………………………………………… 369

IPv4 Address Classifications (Classful Addressing)………………………. 370

RESERVED IP addressES…………………………………………………………………………… 374

IP SUBNETS…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 374

SUBNET masking………………………………………………………………………………………. 377

supernetting and Classless Internet Domain Routing………………….. 379

Chapter – 20 : INTERNETWORKING

Internetworking……………………………………………………………………………………. 381

How Networks Differ ?………………………………………………………………………….. 383

Packet Routing in an internetwork………………………………………………….. 387

Routing to the Internet……………………………………………………………………….. 389

Internetworks with redundant routers…………………………………………. 390

X.25 Networks………………………………………………………………………………………….. 391

 

Chapter – 21 : TRANSPORT LAYER AND TCP MODEL

Transport Layer…………………………………………………………………………………….. 398

Transport Layer Connection Services………………………………………………. 400

Services Provided to the Upper Layers……………………………………………… 402

Transport Service Primitives………………………………………………………………. 405

Elements of Transport Protocols……………………………………………………… 407

Multiplexing…………………………………………………………………………………………… 419

Crash Recovery……………………………………………………………………………………… 420

The TCP service model…………………………………………………………………………… 421

TCP Connection Management Modeling…………………………………………….. 427

 

Chapter – 22 : NETWORK SECURITY

Network Security………………………………………………………………………………….. 431

cryptography…………………………………………………………………………………………. 431

SYMMETRIC-KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………….. 435

Data Encryption Standard (DES)…………………………………………………………. 439

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)……………………………………………….. 440

Mode of Operation…………………………………………………………………………………. 442

ASYMMETRIC-KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY (Public key Cryptography)…………. 444

Digital signatures: Integrity in public-key systems……………………… 446

firewall…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 450

 

 

Chapter – 23 : DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS)

Application Layer………………………………………………………………………………….. 454

Domain Name System (DNS)……………………………………………………………………. 454

NAME SPACE…………………………………………. Error! Bookmark not defined.

DOMAIN NAME SPACE………………………………………………………………………………… 455

DISTRIBUTION OF NAME SPACE………………………………………………………………….. 457

Hierarchy of Name Servers…………………………………………………………………. 457

Zone………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 458

Root Server…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 459

DNS IN THE INTERNET………………………………………………………………………………… 459

Country Domains…………………………………………………………………………………… 461

Inverse Domain……………………………………………………………………………………….. 462

resolution………………………………………………………………………………………………. 463

Resolver………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 463

Mapping Names to Addresses……………………………………………………………….. 463

Mapping Addresses to Names……………………………………………………………….. 463

Recursive Resolution……………………………………………………………………………. 463

Iterative Resolution…………………………………………………………………………….. 464

Caching……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 464

DNS MESSAGES…………………………………………………………………………………………… 465

Header……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 466

TYPES OF RECORDS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 467

Question Record…………………………………………………………………………………….. 467

Resource Record……………………………………………………………………………………. 467

REGISTRARS……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 467

DYNAMIC DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DDNS)…………………………………………………. 467

 

Chapter – 24 : E-MAIL

E-Mail……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 469

Sending mail……………………………………………………………………………………………. 469

User Agent (UA)………………………………….. Error! Bookmark not defined.

User Agent Types……………………………….. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Mailing List……………………………………………………………………………………………… 470

MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)………………………………… 479

Message Transfer Agent : SMTP………. Error! Bookmark not defined.

How E-mail Looks ?……………………………. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Retrieving the Mail………………………….. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3)…………………………………………………. 472

IMAP4…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 474

Web-Based Mail………………………………….. Error! Bookmark not defined.

 

Chapter – 25 : WORLD WIDE WEB

World Wide Web……………………………………………………………………………………… 484

How the World Wide Web Works ?……………………………………………………….. 485

World Wide Web architecture……………………………………………………………. 485

Client (Browser)…………………………………………………………………………………….. 486

Server………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 487

Uniform Resource Locator………………………………………………………………….. 487

WEB DOCUMENTS………………………………………………………………………………………. 488

Static Documents…………………………………………………………………………………… 488

Dynamic Documents………………………………………………………………………………. 490

Active Documents………………………………………………………………………………….. 491

 

Chapter – 26 : HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL(HTTP)

HTTP…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 493

HTTP in Action…………………………………….. Error! Bookmark not defined.

HTTP Methods………………………………………………………………………………………….. 493

Message Headers……………………………………………………………………………………. 496

Example HTTP Usage……………………………………………………………………………….. 497

Proxy Server…………………………………………………………………………………………… 498

Intermediaries……………………………………………………………………………………….. 498

 

Chapter – 27 : MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY

Multimedia Technology……………………………………………………………………….. 500

DIGITIZING AUDIO AND VIDEO…………………………………………………………………… 500

AUDIO AND VIDEO COMPRESSION………………………………………………………………. 501

Audio Compression…………………………………………………………………………………. 501

Video Compression…………………………………………………………………………………. 501

STREAMING STORED AUDIO/VIDEO……………………………………………………………. 506

 

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